The College of Science at the University of Basrah organized a seminar entitled Bacterial toxins by the Ph D  student Zeena hashim Abd Alwahid

 The study aims description the importanc of bacterial toxins on human health  and included definition about bacterial toxin that is soluble substances that alter the normal metabolism of host cells with deleterious effects on the host , major symptoms associated with disease was caused by the activities of toxins produced by these microorganisms  including two types endotoxin and Exotoxin which is affect specific receptors of host cell leading to manipulation of host immunity . there are three types of Exotoxin depending on the site of action type 1 toxins bind surface receptors stimulating transmembrane signals including the super-antigenic toxins for example TSST ,  type II (membrane damaging) toxins directly affect membranes, forming pores or disrupting lipid bilayers and toxins directly affect membranes, forming pores or disrupting lipid bilayers for instance disease occur according to presense of these toxin diphtheria , flaccid paralysis, cholera , Botulism , tetanus , gas gangrene , Food Poisining , Toxic shock syndrome and Bloody diarrhea. Finally , these toxin detected by   Biochemical method for example culture media ,  Molecular method such as  hybridization using probes and amplification by PCR , Serological for instance method agglutination , Chemical extraction and Immunological method such as ELISA .